目錄
- NetBIOS Name
- NetBIOS Suffixes
- LMHOSTS
- Browser Roles & Browser Election
- Browsing
- Browser Settings
- Browsing & Multihoming
- Incomplete Network Neighborhood
- Other NetBIOS / Browser Service Issues
- Disable NetBIOS
- Troubleshooting
目錄
- NetBIOS Name
- NetBIOS Suffixes
- LMHOSTS
- Browser Roles & Browser Election
- Browsing
- Browser Settings
- Browsing & Multihoming
- Incomplete Network Neighborhood
- Other NetBIOS / Browser Service Issues
- Disable NetBIOS
- Troubleshooting
- 最多 15 個英文字母, 數字與一些特殊符號﹔第 16 個字元被 Microsoft 拿來作為 NetBIOS Suffixes,以用來辨識註冊電腦上的功能(functionality)。
- 可以使用右列符號:! @ # $ % ^ & ( ) - _ ' { } . ~。
- 右列符號禁止使用:\ * + = | : ; " ? < > ,。
- 儘量不要使用空白(Space),雖然 Windows NT 4.0 是可以使用,但 Windows 2000 嚴禁使用。
- 避免使用全為數字的名稱,因為會和全為數字的 IP 表示法混淆。
- Windows 2000 的主機名稱(Host Name)與電腦名稱(Computer Name)要一致,前者即 DNS Name 而後者為 NetBIOS Name。
- 雖然 Windows NT 中可以使用不同的主機名稱與電腦名稱,但是在一些 ping 或 ipconfig 的操作或出現問題,建議還是要儘量避免名稱不一致的狀況。
參考資料
- Appendix G - NetBIOS Names, from Windows NT 4.0 Server Resource Kits.
- KB139055 - Problem Changing Computer Name Without Changing DNS Name
- KB165081 - WINSCL Cannot Delete NetBIOS Registration That Contains Spaces
- KB188997 - Microsoft NetBIOS Computer Naming Conventions
- KB190294 - Use of all Numeric NetBIOS Names Can Cause Problems
- KB194203 - ASCII and Hex Representation of NetBIOS Names
- KB204032 - Spaces Not Allowed in a NetBIOS Computer Name
- KB226144 - NetBIOS Domain Name Field Has a 15 Character Length Limitation
- KB227410 - Computer Name and Host Name Must Be the Same in Windows 2000
- KBComputer Name Setup Allows Invalid Characters in Computer Name
- RFC1001 - PROTOCOL STANDARD FOR A NetBIOS SERVICE ON A TCP/UDP TRANSPORT: CONCEPTS AND METHODS
- RFC1002 - PROTOCOL STANDARD FOR A NetBIOS SERVICE ON A TCP/UDP TRANSPORT: DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
NetBIOS Name Type
- Unique (U)
- Group (G)
- Multihomed (M)
- Internet Group (I)
- Domain Name (D)
Registered Names
- computername
- domainname
- username
- ..__MSBROWSE__.
- special names
INet~Services
IS~computername
Other Names
Suffixes in Hexadecimal Format
- <computer name> 00 U Workstation Service
- <domain name> 00 G Domain Name
- <computer name> 20 U File Server Service
- <computer name> 03 U Messenger Service
- <user name> 03 U Messenger Service
- <domain name> 1E G Browser Service Elections
- <domain name> 1D U Master Browser
- <..__MSBROWSE__.> 01 G Master Browser
- <computername> 01 U Messenger Service
- <computername> 06 U RAS Server Service
- <computername> 1F U NetDDE Service
- <computername> 21 U RAS Client Service
- <computername> 22 U Microsoft Exchange Interchange (MSMail Connector)
- <computername> 23 U Microsoft Exchange Store
- <computername> 24 U Microsoft Exchange Directory
- <computername> 30 U Modem Sharing Server Service
- <computername> 31 U Modem Sharing Client Service
- <computername> 43 U SMS Clients Remote Control
- <computername> 44 U SMS Administrators Remote Control Tool
- <computername> 45 U SMS Clients Remote Chat
- <computername> 46 U SMS Clients Remote Transfer
- <computername> 4C U DEC Pathworks TCP/IP service on Windows NT
- <computername> 42 U mccaffee anti-virus
- <computername> 52 U DEC Pathworks TCP/IP service on Windows NT
- <computername> 87 U Microsoft Exchange MTA
- <computername> 6A U Microsoft Exchange IMC
- <computername> BE U Network Monitor Agent
- <computername> BF U Network Monitor Application
- <domain> 1B U Domain Master Browser
- <domain> 1C G Domain Controllers
- <INet~Services> 1C G IIS
- <IS~computer name> 00 U IIS
- <computername> [2B] U Lotus Notes Server Service
- IRISMULTICAST [2F] G Lotus Notes
- IRISNAMESERVER [33] G Lotus Notes
- Forte_$ND800ZA [20] U DCA IrmaLan Gateway Server Service
參考資料
- KB119495 - List of Names Registered with WINS Service
- KB163409 - NetBIOS Suffixes (16th Character of the NetBIOS Name)
- KB186078 - Name Resolution May Fail If NetBios Name Has ASCII Sixteenth Character
- KB314104 - A List of Names That Are Registered by Windows Internet Naming Service
- KB172384 - WINS Database Displays Hyphens Instead of NetBIOS Suffix
- KB186078 - Name Resolution May Fail If NetBios Name Has ASCII Sixteenth Character
- KB297087 - An Additional NetBIOS Name <computer name$<03>> Is Registered by Windows 2000
- Appendix G - HOSTS and LMHOSTS Files for Windows 95, from Windows 95 Resource Kits.
- Appendix F - HOSTS and LMHOSTS Files for Windows 98, from Windows 98 Resource Kits.
- Chapter 33 - Using LMHOSTS Files, from Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Kits.
- Chapter 10 - Using LMHOSTS Files, from Windows NT Server 4.0 Resource Kits.
- Appendix H - LMHOSTS File, from Windows 2000 Server Resource Kits.
- KB101927 - The Lmhosts File for TCP/IP in Windows
- KB102725 - LMHOSTS File Information and Predefined Keywords
- KB314884 - LMHOSTS File Information and Predefined Keywords
- KB110976 - LMHOSTS Keywords Must Be Uppercase
- KB262655 - Primary Domain Controller (PDC) Names Entered in LMHOSTS File Are Case-Sensitive
- KB150800 - Domain Browsing with TCP/IP and LMHOSTS Files
- KB180099 - Troubleshooting LMHOSTS Name Resolution Issues
- KB180094 - How to Write an LMHOSTS File for Domain Validation and Other Name Resolution Issues
- KB314108 - How to Write an LMHOSTS File for Domain Validation and Other Name Resolution Issues
網路上的芳鄰,英文為 Network Neighborhood 或 My Network Places,這是利用「電腦瀏覽服務(Computer Browser Service)」來讓我們可以在電腦上看到其他電腦、工作群組(workgroup)及網域(domain)以及各電腦上的分享資源。在一個用網路連結的電腦環境中(假設其他的網路設定都沒有問題),兩台電腦(含)以上必定會選出一台電腦來提供集中式的分享資源名單(list of shared resources),而不是各自電腦來自行管理,這樣可以減少網路上無謂的傳輸與 CPU 的耗用。而被選出的電腦即為 Master Browser。
「瀏覽器角色(Browser Roles)」共有五種:
- 非瀏覽器(Non-Browser):顧名思義,此電腦不需要管理任何和瀏覽器有關之事情,不用維護瀏覽清單,但是要定期向「主瀏覽器」宣告自己的存在。
- 潛在瀏覽器(Potential Browser):有可能成為「主瀏覽器」或是被「主瀏覽器」指定成為「次要瀏覽器」。
- 次要瀏覽器(Backup Browser):會從「主瀏覽器」拷貝一份網路資源瀏覽名單,並會散佈給同一網域或工作群組內發出要求電腦。「次要瀏覽器」會每 15 分鐘向「主瀏覽器」發出要求並得到最新的拷貝,若是沒有得到「主瀏覽器」回應,就會發起一個 master browser election。
- 主瀏覽器(Master Browser):負責創造和維護網路資源瀏覽名單,每當有一電腦開機,此新開機之電腦會發出訊息給「主瀏覽器」表示此一電腦的存在,而「主瀏覽器」即會更新其瀏覽名單,同時也會把名單定期拷貝給。「次要瀏覽器」。
- 優先主瀏覽器(Preferred Master Browser):
- 網域主瀏覽器(Domain master browsers):為一網域之 PDC 或 PDC Emulator,同時也為「主瀏覽器」,其角色為和其他的子網路(subnets)或工作群組中的「主瀏覽器」溝通。
每個網域工作群組之「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」的數目:
- 每個網域工作群組只有 1 台「主瀏覽器」。
- 若網域工作群組有 2 台電腦,則「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」各有 1 台。
- 2 ~ 31 台電腦則「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」各有 1 台。
- 32 ~ 63 台電腦則有「主瀏覽器」1 台與「次要瀏覽器」2 台。
- 依此類推,之後每增加 32 台電腦則另外再增加 1 台「次要瀏覽器」。也就是電腦數量最接近且小於 32 n,則有「主瀏覽器」1 台與「次要瀏覽器」n 台。
「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」的決定依據:
- 「網域控制器」, PDC, BDC, Member Server, Standalone Server, Workstation。
- 「伺服器級作業系統」, 「工作站級作業系統」與「家用級作業系統」。
- 作業系統的版本。
- 作業系統出版時間。
- 開機的先後。
- 其他設定。
Browser election 會發生是因為以下情況
1. 當有一台電腦無法與「主瀏覽器」聯絡時。
2. 當具有「主瀏覽器」優先權的電腦上線時。
3. 當「網域控制器」啟動時。
一些簡單的原則可以決定誰是 master browser。在登錄資料庫中有一些關於 browser 的參數,可以決定是否要作為 master browser or potential browser;而 server 級的作業系統,Win2k server(WinNT4 server)> Win2K pro(WinNT4 workstation)> WinMe(Win9x);若是同等級的 OS 則看是誰先開機;若其他都不分軒輊,則會看哪台電腦名稱的英文字母較小(a 最小)。其實 Browser election 是很討厭的,一堆 broadcast 在網路丟來丟去的,浪費網路資源;而且要一段時間後整段網路的網路資源瀏覽名單才會穩定下來,若是要好好管理,可以先規劃網路內各電腦之 browser 角色。
其實「網路上的芳鄰」常會碰到許多問題,有一部份是電腦間彼此溝通的時距所產生的。舉個例子:除了剛開始開機電腦會比較頻繁地傳遞訊息給 master browser,之後每 12 分鐘才會再傳遞一次表示此電腦仍然存在,若該台電腦關機後,master browser 必須要連續 3 次沒有收到該電腦的訊息才會把他從網路資源瀏覽名單中除名(36 分),所以會發現在「網路上的芳鄰中」有某電腦名稱,但卻無法連結的情況;又或在開機之後,「網路上的芳鄰」內可能沒有其他的電腦,您必須給 master browser 時間把網路資源瀏覽名單完全建立起來,若是因為開機的順序造成 Browser election,那您就要給他更多的時間了。
參考資料
- Browsing and Windows 95 Networking, from TechNet Archive.
- Browsing and Windows 95 Networking, from MSDN Archive.
- Chapter 11 - Logon, Browsing, and Resource Sharing, from Windows 95 Resource Kits.
- Chapter 18 - Logon, Browsing, and Resource Sharing, from Windows 98 Resource Kits.
- Microsoft Windows NT Browser, from Windows NT 4.0 Server Technical Resources.
- Chapter 3 - Windows NT Browser Service, from Windows NT Server 4.0 Resource Kits.
- Appendix I - Windows 2000 Browser Service, from Windows 2000 Server Resource Kits.
- Chapter 18 - Connecting Clients to Windows Networks, from Windows XP Professional Resource Kits.
- KB102878 - Information on Browser Operation
- KB136712 - Common Questions About Browsing with Windows
- KB188001 - Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service
- KB188305 - Troubleshooting the Microsoft Computer Browser Service
- The Browser Service, from Windows & .NET Magazine Network.
- Understanding Browsing, from Windows IT Library.
- What is the Microsoft Computer Browser service?, from Daniel Petri's MCSEworld.
- 若您要使用網路上其他電腦或印表機等的網路資源,您的電腦必須要安裝「Client for Microsoft Networks」,此元件讓電腦可以存取 Microsoft 網路資源(Allows the computer to access resources on Windows networks.)。在 Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003 的電腦是由「工作站服務(Workstation Service)」來負責,且為「電腦瀏覽器服務(Computer Browser Service)」所必須。所以關於這方面的問題,除了要看「Client for Microsoft Networks」是否有安裝外,在 Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003 的電腦也要確認「Workstation Service」是否有啟動。
- 若您要讓網路上其他電腦使用您電腦上的資源,您的電腦必須要安裝「File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Network」,此元件可讓網路上的其它電腦透過 Microsoft Networks 來存取您電腦上的資源(Allows other computers to access resources on the computer.)。在 Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003 的電腦是由「伺服器服務(Server Service)」來負責,且為「電腦瀏覽器服務(Computer Browser Service)」所必須。所以關於這方面的問題,除了要看「File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Network」是否有安裝外,在 Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003 的電腦也要確認「Server Service」是否有啟動。
- 共用的通訊協定(protocol),作為 Client 或是 Server 的電腦上必須同時有安裝一個以上相同的通訊協定,一般常用的有:
(1) TCP/IP:建議安裝,尤其是要連上 Internet。
(2) NetBEUI:若不需要連上 Internet,可以只安裝此一通訊協定,安裝後不須設定其他參數,因此相當簡單方便﹔不可跨 Router。
(3) IPX/SPX:有特殊需要才安裝。- 電腦一啟動時,會發出封包告諸網路上的其他電腦它的存在(presence),並會廣播一份該台電腦上共享資源的清單(list)。
此廣播在一開始的 5 分鐘每分鐘發出一次,之後每 12 分鐘發出一次。
此一廣播每個通訊協定(Protocol)都會發佈,所以電腦上的通訊協定安裝越多,網路就會越擁塞。
- 「主瀏覽器」會接收各台電腦發出的資源清單,並且整合到該網域工作群組的資源清單中。
每 15 分鐘,「主瀏覽器」會將資源清單傳給「次要瀏覽器」。
- 由於資源清單的傳送有時間差,因此在點選「網路上的芳鄰」可能會看不到即時的資源分享清單﹔同理,如果有電腦關機,其顯示也因為有時間差的緣故,可能導致看得到卻連不到的狀況。
如果確定電腦有開機且資源分享的設定正確,即使在「網路上的芳鄰」看不到,也可以使用 UNC 路徑來連結使用該資源。
- 如果電腦發生不正常關機,「主瀏覽器」要連續 3 次(每次 12 分鐘)收不到該台電腦的廣播才會判定該電腦不在網路上,再加上「主瀏覽器」將資源清單傳給「次要瀏覽器」要 15 分鐘才做 1 次,時間延遲會達到 51 分鐘。
電腦正常關機時,即會發出封包告知「主瀏覽器」而將其移出瀏覽清單,因此只有 15 分鐘的時間延遲。
- Browser Election for Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003
Key:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Browser\Parameters
Value:MaintainServerList
Data Type:REG_SZ (String Value)
Auto
No
Yes
Key:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Browser\Parameters
Value:IsDomainMaster
Data Type:REG_SZ (String Value)
Auto
No(False)
Yes(True):Preferred Master Browser- Browser Election for Windows 95/98/Me
Control Panel\Network\File and printer sharing for Microsoft Networks\Browse Master
Automatic
Disable
Enable
Control Panel\Network\File and printer sharing for Microsoft Networks\LM Anounce
No
Yes- Browser Announcement Time Configuration
Key:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services \LanmanServer\Parameters
Value:Anounce
Data Type:REG_DWORD (DWORD Value)
default = 720 (seconds)- Hide Computer from the Browser List for Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003
Key:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services \LanmanServer\Parameters
Value:Hidden
Data Type:REG_DWORD (DWORD Value)
0:visible
1:hidden
也可以在 Command Line 下 net config server /hidden:yes 指令。- Disable the Ability to Remotely Shutdown the Computer Browser Service for Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003
Key:HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\MrxSmb\Parameters
Value:RefuseReset
Data Type:REG_DWORD (DWORD Value)
0:normal
1:refuse reset
參考資料
- KB265284 - How to Hide the Server's Computer Name from Other Computers in the Domain
- KB321710 - HOW TO: Hide a Windows 2000-Based Computer from the Browser List
- Control Network Browser Elections (Windows NT/2000/XP)
- Hide Computer from the Browser List (Windows NT/2000/XP)
- Disable the Ability to Remotely Shutdown the Computer Browser Service (Windows NT/2000/XP)
- Specify the Printer Browser Timeout (Windows NT/2000/XP)
- Support Browse Lists for Multiple Domains (Windows NT/2000/XP)
- JSI0148 - Is your network plagued with Browser elections?
- Browser Service Tweak
- Can I hide a server from the Microsoft Computer Browser service?
- Network Browser Elections in NT 4.0
- KB103470 - NetBIOS Name Conflicts When NetBEUI Used on Multiple NICs
- KB133241 - Browsing Domain Master Browsers w/ Multiple NICs and Protocols
- KB135404 - Multihomed Master Browser May Cause Event ID 8021 and 8032
- KB166159 - NetBIOS Connections from a Multihomed Computer
- KB181774 - Multihomed Issues with Windows NT
- KB191611 - Symptoms of Multihomed Browsers
- KB221210 - Browsing with a Multihomed PDC
- KB288801 - Slow Computer Browsing from Multihomed Clients
- KB135464 - 8003 Browsing Errors with UDP Forwarding
- KB190930 - UDP Broadcast Forwarding by Cisco's IP Helper
- KB254527 - Browse List Problems When File and Print Sharing Is Not Installed
- KB314872 - Browse List Issues on Servers and Clients Include Error Messages About Event ID 8032 and Inability to Browse
- KB112595 - Service Control Manager Event 7024 (2550)
- KB151427 - Server Service May Fail After Installing Network Card
- KB158146 - NetLogon Service fails to start with Event 7003
- KB166184 - Event ID 3870: Not a Valid Computer Name
- KB172227 - Network Address Translators (NATs) Can Block Netlogon Traffic
- KB189606 - Browser Service Fails to Start or Stop Button Is Unavailable
- KB227419 - Error Message: The Browser Was Unable to Retrieve a List of Domains From the Browser Master...
- KB231604 - Event ID 7023 When Server Service Does Not Start
- KB234636 - Server Service Does Not Start on Standalone Workstation
- KB266204 - Cannot Browse a Different Windows NT 4.0 Domain Across a Firewall
- KB293093 - Browser Causes Computer to Stop Responding
- KB293127 - The Net Logon Service of a Windows NT 4.0 BDC Does Not Function in a Windows 2000 Domain
- KB317140 - Event ID 3870, 7023, 2504 and 7002 Messages Are Logged After You Restart a Windows NT-Based Computer
- KB318030 - You Cannot Access Shared Files and Folders or Browse Computers in the Workgroup
- KB318332 - You Receive a "System Error 1230" Error Message When You Browse the Network
- KB331484 - "Stop 0x48" Occurs When You Stop the Computer Browser Service
- KB822402 - Domain Controller Takes a Long Time to Respond to a Logon Request, or It Does Not Respond at All
- KB300856 - HOW TO: Connect to Shared Folders Over the Network (on a Domain) in Windows 2000
- KB323386 - HOW TO: Connect to Shared Folders Over the Network (on a Domain) in Windows Server 2003
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