NetBIOS, Computer Browser Service 與網路上的芳鄰
[b]目錄[/b]
[list][*] NetBIOS Name[*] NetBIOS Suffixes[*] LMHOSTS[*] Browser Roles & Browser Election[*] Browsing[*] Browser Settings[*] Browsing & Multihoming[*] Incomplete Network Neighborhood[*] Other NetBIOS / Browser Service Issues[*] Disable NetBIOS[*] Troubleshooting[/list]
Browser Roles & Browser Election
[b]網路上的芳鄰[/b],英文為 [b]Network Neighborhood[/b] 或 [b]My Network Places[/b],這是利用「電腦瀏覽服務(Computer Browser Service)」來讓我們可以在電腦上看到其他電腦、工作群組(workgroup)及網域(domain)以及各電腦上的分享資源。在一個用網路連結的電腦環境中(假設其他的網路設定都沒有問題),兩台電腦(含)以上必定會選出一台電腦來提供集中式的分享資源名單(list of shared resources),而不是各自電腦來自行管理,這樣可以減少網路上無謂的傳輸與 CPU 的耗用。而被選出的電腦即為 Master Browser。
「瀏覽器角色(Browser Roles)」共有五種:
[list][*] [b]非瀏覽器(Non-Browser)[/b]:顧名思義,此電腦不需要管理任何和瀏覽器有關之事情,不用維護瀏覽清單,但是要定期向「主瀏覽器」宣告自己的存在。
[*] [b]潛在瀏覽器(Potential Browser)[/b]:有可能成為「主瀏覽器」或是被「主瀏覽器」指定成為「次要瀏覽器」。
[*] [b]次要瀏覽器(Backup Browser)[/b]:會從「主瀏覽器」拷貝一份網路資源瀏覽名單,並會散佈給同一網域或工作群組內發出要求電腦。「次要瀏覽器」會每 15 分鐘向「主瀏覽器」發出要求並得到最新的拷貝,若是沒有得到「主瀏覽器」回應,就會發起一個 master browser election。
[*] [b]主瀏覽器(Master Browser)[/b]:負責創造和維護網路資源瀏覽名單,每當有一電腦開機,此新開機之電腦會發出訊息給「主瀏覽器」表示此一電腦的存在,而「主瀏覽器」即會更新其瀏覽名單,同時也會把名單定期拷貝給。「次要瀏覽器」。
[*] [b]優先主瀏覽器(Preferred Master Browser)[/b]:
[*] [b]網域主瀏覽器(Domain master browsers)[/b]:為一網域之 PDC 或 PDC Emulator,同時也為「主瀏覽器」,其角色為和其他的子網路(subnets)或工作群組中的「主瀏覽器」溝通。[/list]
每個網域工作群組之「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」的數目:
[list][*] 每個網域工作群組只有 1 台「主瀏覽器」。[*] 若網域工作群組有 2 台電腦,則「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」各有 1 台。[*] 2 ~ 31 台電腦則「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」各有 1 台。[*] 32 ~ 63 台電腦則有「主瀏覽器」1 台與「次要瀏覽器」2 台。[*] 依此類推,之後每增加 32 台電腦則另外再增加 1 台「次要瀏覽器」。也就是電腦數量最接近且小於 32 [i]n[/i],則有「主瀏覽器」1 台與「次要瀏覽器」[i]n[/i] 台。[/list]
「主瀏覽器」與「次要瀏覽器」的決定依據:
[list][*] 「網域控制器」, PDC, BDC, Member Server, Standalone Server, Workstation。[*] 「伺服器級作業系統」, 「工作站級作業系統」與「家用級作業系統」。[*] 作業系統的版本。[*] 作業系統出版時間。[*] 開機的先後。[*] 其他設定。[/list]
Browser election 會發生是因為以下情況
1. 當有一台電腦無法與「主瀏覽器」聯絡時。
2. 當具有「主瀏覽器」優先權的電腦上線時。
3. 當「網域控制器」啟動時。
一些簡單的原則可以決定誰是 master browser。在登錄資料庫中有一些關於 browser 的參數,可以決定是否要作為 master browser or potential browser;而 server 級的作業系統,Win2k server(WinNT4 server)> Win2K pro(WinNT4 workstation)> WinMe(Win9x);若是同等級的 OS 則看是誰先開機;若其他都不分軒輊,則會看哪台電腦名稱的英文字母較小(a 最小)。其實 Browser election 是很討厭的,一堆 broadcast 在網路丟來丟去的,浪費網路資源;而且要一段時間後整段網路的網路資源瀏覽名單才會穩定下來,若是要好好管理,可以先規劃網路內各電腦之 browser 角色。
其實「網路上的芳鄰」常會碰到許多問題,有一部份是電腦間彼此溝通的時距所產生的。舉個例子:除了剛開始開機電腦會比較頻繁地傳遞訊息給 master browser,之後每 12 分鐘才會再傳遞一次表示此電腦仍然存在,若該台電腦關機後,master browser 必須要連續 3 次沒有收到該電腦的訊息才會把他從網路資源瀏覽名單中除名(36 分),所以會發現在「網路上的芳鄰中」有某電腦名稱,但卻無法連結的情況;又或在開機之後,「網路上的芳鄰」內可能沒有其他的電腦,您必須給 master browser 時間把網路資源瀏覽名單完全建立起來,若是因為開機的順序造成 Browser election,那您就要給他更多的時間了。
[b]參考資料[/b]
[list][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/archive/default.asp?url=/technet/archive/win95/w95brows.asp]Browsing and Windows 95 Networking[/url][i], from TechNet Archive.[/i][*] [url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/archive/default.asp?url=/archive/en-us/dnarwnet/html/msdn_browser.asp]Browsing and Windows 95 Networking[/url][i], from MSDN Archive.[/i][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/archive/default.asp?url=/technet/archive/win95/rk11_res.asp]Chapter 11 - Logon, Browsing, and Resource Sharing[/url][i], from Windows 95 Resource Kits.[/i][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/treeview/default.asp?url=/technet/prodtechnol/win98/reskit/part3/wrkc18.asp]Chapter 18 - Logon, Browsing, and Resource Sharing[/url][i], from Windows 98 Resource Kits.[/i][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/ntserver/techresources/commnet/browser/ntbrowser.asp]Microsoft Windows NT Browser[/url][i], from Windows NT 4.0 Server Technical Resources.[/i][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/treeview/default.asp?url=/technet/prodtechnol/winntas/reskit/net/chptr3.asp]Chapter 3 - Windows NT Browser Service[/url][i], from Windows NT Server 4.0 Resource Kits.[/i][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/treeview/default.asp?url=/technet/prodtechnol/windows2000serv/reskit/tcpip/part4/tcpappi.asp]Appendix I - Windows 2000 Browser Service[/url][i], from Windows 2000 Server Resource Kits.[/i][*] [url=http://www.microsoft.com/technet/treeview/default.asp?url=/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/reskit/prcf_omn_jazm.asp]Chapter 18 - Connecting Clients to Windows Networks[/url][i], from Windows XP Professional Resource Kits.[/i]
[*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;102878]KB102878 - Information on Browser Operation[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;136712]KB136712 - Common Questions About Browsing with Windows[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;188001]KB188001 - Description of the Microsoft Computer Browser Service[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;188305]KB188305 - Troubleshooting the Microsoft Computer Browser Service[/url]
[*] [url=http://www.winnetmag.com/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=4977]The Browser Service[/url][i], from Windows & .NET Magazine Network.[/i]
[*] [url=http://www.windowsitlibrary.com/Content/155/05/1.html]Understanding Browsing[/url][i], from Windows IT Library.[/i]
[*] [url=http://www.petri.co.il/computer_browser_service.htm]What is the Microsoft Computer Browser service?[/url][i], from Daniel Petri's MCSEworld.[/i][/list]
Incomplete Network Neighborhood
[list][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;135279]KB135279 - Incomplete Domain Listing on Very Large Networks[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;152076]KB152076 - Browser Returns Truncated List of Resources[/url]
[*] [url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dnwinpro00/html/neighbor.asp]Troubleshooting an Incomplete Network Neighborhood[/url][i], from MSDN Library.[/i][/list]
Other NetBIOS / Browser Service Issues
[list][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;135464]KB135464 - 8003 Browsing Errors with UDP Forwarding[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;190930]KB190930 - UDP Broadcast Forwarding by Cisco's IP Helper[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;254527]KB254527 - Browse List Problems When File and Print Sharing Is Not Installed[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;314872]KB314872 - Browse List Issues on Servers and Clients Include Error Messages About Event ID 8032 and Inability to Browse[/url]
[*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;112595]KB112595 - Service Control Manager Event 7024 (2550)[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;151427]KB151427 - Server Service May Fail After Installing Network Card[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;158146]KB158146 - NetLogon Service fails to start with Event 7003[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;166184]KB166184 - Event ID 3870: Not a Valid Computer Name[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;172227]KB172227 - Network Address Translators (NATs) Can Block Netlogon Traffic[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;189606]KB189606 - Browser Service Fails to Start or Stop Button Is Unavailable[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;227419]KB227419 - Error Message: The Browser Was Unable to Retrieve a List of Domains From the Browser Master...[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;231604]KB231604 - Event ID 7023 When Server Service Does Not Start[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;234636]KB234636 - Server Service Does Not Start on Standalone Workstation[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;266204]KB266204 - Cannot Browse a Different Windows NT 4.0 Domain Across a Firewall[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;293093]KB293093 - Browser Causes Computer to Stop Responding[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;293127]KB293127 - The Net Logon Service of a Windows NT 4.0 BDC Does Not Function in a Windows 2000 Domain[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;317140]KB317140 - Event ID 3870, 7023, 2504 and 7002 Messages Are Logged After You Restart a Windows NT-Based Computer[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;318030]KB318030 - You Cannot Access Shared Files and Folders or Browse Computers in the Workgroup[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;318332]KB318332 - You Receive a "System Error 1230" Error Message When You Browse the Network[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;331484]KB331484 - "Stop 0x48" Occurs When You Stop the Computer Browser Service[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;822402]KB822402 - Domain Controller Takes a Long Time to Respond to a Logon Request, or It Does Not Respond at All[/url]
[*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;300856]KB300856 - HOW TO: Connect to Shared Folders Over the Network (on a Domain) in Windows 2000[/url][*] [url=http://support.microsoft.com/search/preview.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;323386]KB323386 - HOW TO: Connect to Shared Folders Over the Network (on a Domain) in Windows Server 2003[/url][/list]